Answer:

1. ‘Prior to 1925, [Korean] public works offices within city and regional governments carried out their construction projects by contracting out to sub‐contractors. […] The more complex the division of labor and the network of primary and secondary sub‐contractors, the more the real wages fell below the nominal wage.’ — Ken C. Kawashima, The Proletarian Gamble: Korean Workers in Interwar Japan
2. Standard of living means the accessibility to goods and services that promote a healthier, happier life. Due to technology and some concessions to the lower classes, such as social security and the rarity of child labor, I’d say that overall there has been some increase in the standard of living for those of us in Imperial America.
3. Fewer hours reduces profits for the capitalists, whereas more hours increases profits for them. ‘Koreans […] did not work in capital‐intensive, large‐scale factories, but rather in labor‐intensive, small‐ and medium‐sized factories (chūshō kigyō) that employed fewer than 30 workers, and often in factories with fewer than 10 workers (reisai kigyō). These factories had little capital to invest in advanced technology; profits therefore stemmed from the workers’ long working hours and cheap wages.’ — Ken C. Kawashima, The Proletarian Gamble: Korean Workers in Interwar Japan
4. Yes, and so is the inequality between white and black proletarians.
5. Profits come from selling more and more crap while giving the workers less and less. For example, ‘[i]n May 1940 the ghetto governor Hans Biebow ordered that factories be set up, where the workers would be paid soup and bread. The Lódz ghetto turned a profit of about 350 million Reichsmarks ($140 million). It made so much money for the [Fascists] that it survived the longest of the ghettos under [Fascism], for even the [Fascists] were sometimes prepared to defer mass extermination of Jews as long as it remained profitable.’ — Adam LeBor, Schicklgruber’s Secret Bankers
6. See the introduction of the Krupp–Renn process in the Empire of Japan. ‘Sometime before the autumn of 1938, [Krupp] sent Voss, a chief engineer, to Chongjin, and his job was to guide facilities construction and the start of operations. He was followed by two fitters and one kiln foreman, whose job was to give guidance regarding the start of operations and the handling of equipment thereafter.³⁴ Separately, Remag, a German subsidiary of Österreichische Magnesitwerke, sent one bricklayer.³⁵ Remuneration for the fitters was based on a rate written into the technology introduction contract and was paid in accordance with the number of hours worked, while the wage for the kiln foreman was fixed at a daily rate of 4 pounds sterling (about 70 yen).’ — Kudō Akira, Japanese–German Business Relations
7. Labor‐intensive industries favor the use of manual or ‘blue collar’ workers, whereas capital‐intensive industries focus on finances and favor ‘white collar’ workers. ‘[T]he Mitteleuropäische Wirtschaftstag aimed to shift Southeastern Europe into more labor‐intensive cash crops for export, such as soybeans. […] German economists similarly saw Serbians, Croatians, and Romanians as capable of “bearing any burden,” perfectly suited for producing the labor‐intensive goods like soybeans and wheat that Germany’s capital‐intensive economy so desperately needed in the 1930s.¹³’ — Stephen G. Gross, Export Empire
8. Laborers striking en masse for better wages. Because they put a halt to production, eventually the capitalist must accede to their demands.
9. ‘Although minimum wage increases are expected to increase prices, the magnitude of price increase depends on several factors such as the demand elasticity and competition degree (Aaronson 2001). A strong effect of minimum wages on inflation is not always found in empirical studies.’
10. The struggles for higher wages relates to socialism (that is, capitalism’s negation) in that the goal is to enhance the standard of living for ordinary people. Equating the struggle for higher wages with the accumulation of capital is a false equivalence because higher wages are necessary for living the modern world, whereas capital is doomed to disappear because it inhibits the lives of the proletariat.
11. For workers paid on the basis of products or services finished rather than time, their wages may be a little closer in value to the products or services, but still inferior. (I know that this is a simplistic and inadequate reply, but at this point I’m exhausted.)

I feel dissatisfied with this comment, but I hope that it is better than nothing.