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Socialism must take the material and historical conditions of a country into account and construct socialism in a way that fits with them. For example, a revolution in the United States (a settler-colony in the imperial core with a large proletariat) would have to act differently than a revolution in Vietnam (a colonized and majority peasant country) or somewhere else. Mariátegui specifically was referring to the indigenous history of Peru and the pre-colonial communes that existed.
Use statistics about life expectancy, literacy, and economic development.
Here is some reading material: