The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The revolution was the culmination of a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. Its success marked the collapse of the Chinese monarchy, the end of over two millennia of imperial rule in China and the 200-year reign of the Qing, and the beginning of China's early republican era.
The Qing had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the program of reforms after 1900 was opposed by conservatives in the Qing court as too radical and by reformers as too slow. Several factions, including underground anti-Qing groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Qing dynasty. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the New Army. Similar revolts then broke out spontaneously around the country, and revolutionaries in all provinces of the country renounced the Qing dynasty. On 1 November 1911, the Qing court appointed Yuan Shikai (leader of the powerful Beiyang Army) as prime minister, and he began negotiations with the revolutionaries.
In Nanjing, revolutionary forces created a provisional coalition government. On 1 January 1912, the National Assembly declared the establishment of the Republic of China, with Sun Yat-sen, leader of the Tongmenghui (United League), as President of the Republic. A brief civil war between the North and the South ended in compromise. Sun would resign in favor of Yuan, who would become President of the new national government, if Yuan could secure the abdication of the Qing emperor. The edict of abdication of the six-year-old Xuantong Emperor, was promulgated on 12 February 1912. Yuan was sworn in as president on 10 March 1912.
In December 1915, Yuan restored the monarchy and proclaimed himself as the Hongxian Emperor, but the move was met with strong opposition from the population and the Army, leading to his abdication in March 1916 and the reinstatement of the Republic. Yuan's failure to consolidate a legitimate central government before his death in June 1916 led to decades of political division and warlordism, including an attempt at imperial restoration of the Qing dynasty.
The revolution is named Xinhai because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (辛亥) stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar. The governments of Taiwan and China both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. 10 October is the National Day of the Republic of China on Taiwan, and the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution in the PRC.
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Had spare time so I stopped at a coffee shop walking to my job. Overpriced chain, ostensibly better than Starbucks but if you remove the aesthetic it's indistinguishable; a brigade of coffee servants standing shoulder to shoulder, all dressed in mandatory twee outfits and aprons, hands rapidly working the syrups, cups, jugs, and spoons at their disposal with the frenetic efficiency of a factory assembly line. The devilish little receipt printer is blurping out online orders faster than they can make them, so the tickets are spread out over the entire counter, each with an empty cup on top waiting to be filled. The tiny shop, a subdivided subdivided subdivided piece of prime urban center real estate, is crowded elbow to elbow with suits and business casuals, all staring at their phones and not noticing when the workers call their names because they didn't take out their air pods. I watch the nonstop production for ten minutes, getting annoyed at the wait and then chastising myself because they're all working very fast and it really looks like it sucks to work here. Finally my coffee is ready and I try to convey gratitude as I scoop it up and head to the park across the street. I listen to traffic and construction noises as I sip my incredibly middling coffee, and I feel like an asshole for even going in there, but there aren't really any better options around here anyways. I regret everything. Then I see a puffy little bird and it cheers me up and I think about keeping some seeds in my backpack. Time to go to work.
I accidentally became a favourite customer of a local busy coffee shop by preferring black coffee, the easiest thing for them to prepare.
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