The conquest of Wales by Edward I took place between 1277 and 1283. It is sometimes referred to as the Edwardian Conquest of Wales, to distinguish it from the earlier (but partial) Norman conquest of Wales. In two campaigns, in 1277 and 1282–83, respectively, Edward I of England first greatly reduced the territory of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ("Llywelyn the Last"), and then completely overran it, as well as the other remaining Welsh principalities.
By the 13th century, Wales was divided between native Welsh principalities and the territories of the Anglo-Norman Marcher lords. The leading principality was Gwynedd whose princes had gained control of the greater part of the country, making the other remaining Welsh princes their vassals, and had taken the title Prince of Wales. Although English monarchs had made several attempts to seize control of the native Welsh territories, it was not until Edward's war of conquest against Llywelyn, the last native prince of Wales, that this was achieved on a lasting basis.
Henry III's string of military defeats in Wales (1228, 1231, and 1232 CE) had led to Henry conferring on Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c. 1223-1282 CE) the title of Prince of Wales. The Welshman's independence was further asserted when he refused to attend Edward's coronation in 1274 CE. The new king was rather better at warfare than his father had been, though, and Edward was intent on taking revenge for the slight. Organising a massive army in 1276 CE, the English king marched into Wales and stripped Llywelyn of his lands, although he did permit him to keep his now-meaningless royal title. Nevertheless, the Welsh still had ambitions of freedom from English rule and Llywelyn's brother Dafydd stirred up yet another rebellion. The rebels were defeated and Llywelyn was killed in 1282 CE, his head presented to the English king in triumph and then displayed at the Tower of London. Dafydd was eventually captured, and he was executed, too, using the brutal method reserved for traitors: hanging, drawing, and quartering the victim.
Edward now became determined to thoroughly impose his domination of the region, particularly in North Wales where the rebels had had their headquarters, by building a series of mighty castles. From 1283 CE onwards such imposing fortresses as Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, and Harlech Castle were built. The king made sure his castles were often built on sites of cultural and historical importance to the Welsh to send a clear message that a new order had begun in the region. He even went so far as to ensure his son Edward was born in Caernarfon Castle – the heart of the English administration in Wales – on 25 April 1284 CE and then bestowed upon him the title of Prince of Wales (formally conferred in 1301 CE). Thereafter, it became customary for an English monarch to give this title to their eldest son.
Despite the castles and the royal propaganda, the Welsh were not quite subdued and another major rebellion broke out, this time led by Madog ap Llywelyn, in 1294 CE. Edward, despite being forced to winter in Conwy Castle, managed to regain control of Caernarfon Castle by 1295 CE. Madog was then defeated by an army led by the Earl of Warwick at Maes Moydog in March 1295 CE, and Wales was henceforth administered as if it were a part of England, the region already having been divided up into shires in the 1284 CE Statute of Rhuddlan in order to break up the old traditional kingdoms. A new series of castles was then erected to ensure continued obedience, which included Beaumaris Castle, perhaps the finest surviving example of a concentric medieval castle.
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https://hexbear.net/post/238968
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Remember nerds, no current struggle session discussion here on the general megathread, i will ban you from the comm and remove your comment, have a good day/night :meow-coffee:
Pasta noodles with soy sauce and butter.
Ah, my poverty staple growing up has become my comfort food.
The ghostfence is a waste of money. You can't maintain zero-corprus forever
Super dogshit that prosecute Fauci is only some crazy right wing shit
Everyone involved with COVID in both the Biden and Trump administrations should have to answer for the million+ dead in any just universe. And this isn’t even the first pandemic Fauci has bungled. Fuck man I hate this country’s politics so fucking much.
:british-maw: bri'ish agnostics be like "perhaps god might save the king"
replying to the old mega when it gets locked and replaced with the new one :nineteeneightyfour:
It's so fucking funny how animals just live in people's houses. Like theres just a little furry thing that doesn't even know it's real and I love it so much
saw a youtube "sad moments axis planes getting shot down" :robeson-outrage: disgusting fucking comment section, full of nazis
one (1) good comment: "to my grandda this is a highlight reel" :sicko-hexbear:
I know the cure for feeling a little bummed out by just being online is to get involved with activism, but dae feel a little more bummed out by getting involved. I'm just starting to get involved in my local DSA chapter (they seem pretty solid, they've been referencing Marx and Engels recently and speaking positively about the Russian revolution, so at least they don't seem like complete libs). And idk, I know how big the area is and then I compare it how small the chapter is, and I just get a little bummed out. The active members are about the size of a really small church, which bums me out when I realize just how many churches there are in the area. I know I shouldn't expect much - socialists are such a small minority - but the situation just makes me feel like we're soooo far behind from where we should be.
Going through the stages of denial with catching a cold. Shit sucks. I was planning on seeing some friends tomorrow after work.
Oh well, guess I could skip work and sleep.
I was there a couple weeks ago. Timing really sucks. I hope you get all the rest you need and are able to get over it before too long :comfy:
Thanks, friend. I called into work and I'm going to stay in bed with soup
Pulling off a crazy (for me anyway this is the first run where I half know what I'm at) Vicky 3 game as Bolivia rn. managed to puppet Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina, I'm colonizing everything south of Brazil. currently sitting at rank 19 in 1847, and my end-game goal is to get to great power and try to beat out the US for Panama, then turn it communist.
"Trump did business with a North Korea-linked company"
And it's fucking Daewoo? Like the massive South Korean conglomerate? I didn't look into the story cause I don't care, but are they really trying to make Daewoo into a scary North Korean thing?
It's cool that I can't tell if you are talking about a car, home appliance, or a rifle.
Like, Daewoo is an everything company
I drank too much coffee out of boredom and am now experiencing anxiety even though work is calm as hell tonight.
wish i could give you some of my l-theanine it basically cancels out the caffeine anxiety. it's in green and white tea as well.
sorry it's super late reply but best to buy raw powder from the internet. it's extremely affordable and doesn't have any taste so you can put it in food or drink of your choosing. just get a tiny scooper since it's pretty forgiving on dosing if you don't have a scale. the "bulk supplements" brand works nicely